MPC Research Reports
Report Details

Title:	Marginal Cost Pricing and Subsidy of Transit in Small Urban Areas
Authors:	Jeremy Mattson and David Ripplinger
University:	North Dakota State University
Publication Date:	Sep 2011
Report #:	MPC-11-241
Project #:	MPC-346
TRID #:	01355175
Keywords:	benefit cost analysis, bus transit, economies of scale, fixed routes, operating revenues, ridership, small cities, subsidies, transit operating agencies

Abstract

This study analyzes economies of scale and density as a rationale for subsidizing transit agencies in small urban areas. A long-run cost model is estimated using data from 2006 to 2009 for 168 transit agencies that directly operated fixed-route bus service in small urban areas. Using vehicle revenue miles as transit output, results show that small urban transit agencies experience economies of scale and density. A full cost model is estimated that includes the addition of external costs and benefits. External benefits result from reduced waiting times following an increase in service frequency. Results are then used to estimate the optimal fare, which is equal to marginal social cost of service. The needed subsidy is calculated as the difference between the revenue generated by the optimal fare and that needed to maintain efficient levels of production. The rationale for subsidies is an important issue as many agencies have experienced recent reductions in operational funding. A survey was conducted that found that close to half of transit agencies in small urban areas have either reduced service or increased fares over the last two years, and the main reason for these actions has been a decrease in operational funding.

How to Cite

Mattson, Jeremy, and David Ripplinger. Marginal Cost Pricing and Subsidy of Transit in Small Urban Areas, MPC-11-241. North Dakota State University - Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, Fargo: Mountain-Plains Consortium, 2011.